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Is First Do No Harm Part of the Hippocratic Oath

The expression first do no harm is a popular term used to express the underlying ethical rules of modern medicine. Although this is generally thought to have been taken from the ancient Greek Hippocratic oath, no translations of the oath contain this language.   Key Takeaways The expression first do no harm, which is a Latin phrase, is not part of the original or modern versions of the Hippocratic oath, which was originally written in Greek.  The Hippocratic oath, written in the 5th century BCE, does contain language suggesting that the physician and his assistants should not cause physical or moral harm to a patient.  The first known published version of do no harm dates to medical texts from the mid-19th century, and is attributed to the 17th century English physician Thomas Sydenham.   What Does First Do No Harm Mean? First do no harm is a popular saying that derives from the Latin phrase, primum non nocere or primum nil nocere. The term is particularly popular amongst those involved in the field of healthcare, medicine, or bioethics, and among popular accounts of the medical field, since it is a basic principle taught in healthcare-providing classes. The takeaway point of first do no harm is that, in certain cases, it may be better to do nothing rather than intervening and potentially causing more harm than good.   History of the Hippocratic Oath   The Hippocratic oath is part of an outline of essential ethics in medicine which is described in ancient Greek literature. Hippocrates was a Greek physician who lived on the island of Cos between about 460-370 BCE. He wrote many medical texts and is considered one of the most important figures in ancient Greek medicine. He is generally credited with writing the original Hippocratic Oath.   The oldest extant mention of the Hippocratic Oath was found on a medical papyrus dated to the 5th century CE, one of the many thousands of manuscripts found in the archaeological treasure trove Oxyrhynchus. The oldest extant version is from the 10th century CE. It is stored in the Vatican library. The original is thought to have been a written law of the medical fraternal organization on the island of Cos, of which Hippocrates was a member. Written in Greek about 421 BCE, the oath was originally intended as a pledge between a master (the physician) and his qualified assistants.   The Original Purpose of the Oath Healers in Athenian society were known as Asclepiads and they belonged to a guild (koinon), to which they inherited their right of membership from their fathers. Hippocrates father and grandfather before him were members of the guild on Cos. Then, doctors were itinerant specialists who carried their skills from city to city, setting up surgeries. Rather than a promise made by new doctors on joining the guild, the oath was sworn by nurses and assistants in the various surgeries as part of a promise to obey the doctor.   According to the original Hippocratic oath, these assistants were to respect their masters, share medical knowledge, help patients and avoid harming them medically or personally, seek help from other physicians when necessary, and keep patient information confidential.  Ã‚   However, there is no mention of the phrase first do no harm in the original oath. Hippocratic Oath in Modern Usage Although first do no harm does not actually come from the Hippocratic oath verbatim, it can be argued that it does come from that text in essence. That is, similar ideas are conveyed in the text of the Hippocratic Oath. Take, for example, this related section which has been translated as: I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel, and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion.   In reading the Hippocratic oath, it is apparent that not harming the patient is explicit. However, it is not clear that abstain from whatever is deleterious is equivalent to doing no harm.   Of the Epidemics A closer version to the succinct do no harm does come (possibly) from Hippocrates, however. Of the Epidemics is a part of the Hippocratic Corpus, which is a collection of ancient Greek medical texts written between 500 and 400 BCE. Hippocrates was never proven to be the author of any of these works, but the theories do follow closely with Hippocrates teachings. Regarding first do no harm, Of the Epidemics is considered to be the more likely source of the popular saying. Consider this quote: The physician must be able to tell the antecedents, know the present, and foretell the future  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  must mediate these things, and have two special objects in view with regard to disease, namely, to do good or to do no harm.   However, according to an exhaustive search of the ancient and historical literature conducted by pharmacologist Cedric M. Smith, the phrase primum non nocere does not appear in medical texts until the mid-19th century, when it is attributed to the 17th century English physician Thomas Sydenham.   The Hippocratic Oath At many medical schools, but by no means all, a version of the Hippocratic oath is given to the student on graduation or read to the students in the first year. Different countries have different customs about the oath. In French medical schools, it is common to have the student sign the oath on graduation. In the Netherlands, students must swear to it verbally.   At graduation, some deans read the oath while the students stand silent. In others, the students repeat a modern version of the oath at the graduation ceremony. However, data on these reports do not tell how often primum non nocere is included as part of the oath.   Sources Crawshaw, Ralph. The Hippocratic Oath [with Reply]. BMJ. BMJ: British Medical Journal, T. H. Pennington, C. I. Pennington, et al., Vol. 309, No. 6959, JSTOR, October 8, 1994. Jones, Mary Cadwalader. The Hippocratic Oath. The American Journal of Nursing. Vol. 9, No. 4, JSTOR, January 1909.   Nittis, Savas. The Authorship and Probable Date of the Hippocratic Oath. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 7, JSTOR, July 1940. Shmerling, Robert H., MD. The Myth of the Hippocratic Oath. Harvard Health Publishing. Harvard Medical School, Harvard Health Blog, Harvard University, November 28, 2015. Smith, Cedric M. Origin and Uses of Primum Non Nocere  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Above All, Do No Harm! The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Volume 45, Issue 4, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, John Wiley Sons, Inc., March 7, 2013.

The Run Down on How to Start an Essay about Myself Exposed

The Run Down on How to Start an Essay about Myself Exposed How to Start an Essay about Myself: the Ultimate Convenience! So for those who have an essay assigned that you require help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. If this is the case, you may wish to understand what an expository essay is. In order to comprehend how a personal essay appears like, you should go through few successful samples. How a crucial essay ought to be written. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an ideal writer for your paper. It'll be so much simpler to write, once you've finished your paper. Writing a prosperous paper about yourself always begin with an appropriate analysis. Do you learn how to pay an introduction. The structure of private statement is easier. With that procedure, you'll certainly have a fantastic foundation to begin a paragraph describing yourself. Understand your topic well and make certain you explain your points in easy and understandable language. Choose an interesting topic as you want to develop a good story and analyze it. When you locate a topic you want, sit down and write for one hour or so. You will ideally address a single topic in 1 paragraph. What You Must Know About How to Start an Essay about Myself The type of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline offered to you. A fantastic college essay introduction is essential to making your essay stand out, so there's plenty of pressure to receive it exactly perfect. Therefore, when you have a few really excellent life stories to share, don't hesitate to do it. Don't forget, your private essay might be the truth, but it doesn't indicate you shouldn't consider it from a creative writing mindset. It is possible to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. When students are requested to compose an introduce myself essay, a lot of them turn to different on-line writing services like essays-service. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you will need to contact. While it's the case that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely tricky to write. It's natural for the student to find the recommendations of a reliable adult or writing tutor to aid in ideas and essay training, as it can be hard to look at from an outside perspective. Give them a general idea of what you could do well, and describe ways to contribute your knowledge to the prosperity of that specific college or university. Any student, for example, who wishes to submit an application for a grant or scholarship is very likely to be asked to offer a description of themselves and usually an explanation as to why they are worthy of this kind of opportunity. For instance, a student who's applying for a scholarship can be requested to describe themselves and explain the reason why they ought to be given an opportunity. As soon as you receive a task done from us you will return again if you need assistance with another one of your essays. Essays are generally not very long, therefore it's no real surprise that teachers would assign a whole lot of them to write. The essays act as a glimpse into how your mind works, how you see the world and offers perspective. Writing a critical essay demands training and experience, but the most significant thing is it requires observation. Choose whether you would rather an enjoyable anecdote or a critical take-away, but your key goal needs to be determined at once to prevent losing your focus. 1 thing to remember is that for your private essay to genuinely stand out, you will need to write about an experience that not everybody goes through. It's true, you're likely to get the urge to want to send off your draft immediately, but you haveto dig in. To guarantee that you will see a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that's always onl ine. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Make your very first order at this time and find the help you need whenever possible. It is preferable to acquire professional writing assistance from the corresponding support. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out.

Contact and Consumer Law Insensitive External Market

Question: Describe about the Contact and Consumer Law for Insensitive External Market. Answer: Unconscionable conduct Meaning When a business conduct is too harsh or insensitive to external market forces in a manner that it goes against ethical code of conduct, then, that particular action of an organization is declared as unconscionable conduct. It is mandatory for the business enterprises to avoid such conduct so as to get exempted from any disciplinary actions underneath Australian Consumer Law. The concept is not defined in a specific manner since it is a result of amendments and up gradation of regulations regarding business conduct. When certain cases appeared in front of the court, new laws and jurisdictions have been passed to give effect to such issues. However, it has been referred to as a conduct which is oppressive to customers or competitors of an organization. It is also said to be unfair, but a business action to be declared as unconscionable, it should be more than unfair. As per the jurisdictions from Australian courts, those business operations which involve deliberate misconduct against c onscience are declared as unconscionable conducts (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2015). Media release: Lux was ordered to pay $ 370,000 penalty for unconscionable conduct Summary of the facts Lux Distributors Pty. Ltd. found to be engaged in unconscionable conduct during the period between 2009 and 2011. It was caught to operate against the section 21 of the Australian Consumer Law. Its conduct also broke the legislations of section 51AB of the Trade Practices Act, 1974. The company was found to be involved in an unconscionable conduct in the facet of dealing with five aged people regarding sale of vacuum cleaners. One of the companys sales people called some women in their premises by saying that the company is providing free service to its customers. In this scheme, they will give free maintenance service for their vacuum cleaners. The women were pressurised to purchase new vacuum cleaners by unfair sales tactics (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2015). Results of the prosecution The company was prosecuted by ACCC in May 2012. But in February 2013, the company was exempted from the case since Justice Jessup declared the company to be innocent. But the case was further presented in Federal Court by ACCC for three customers. Then, in August 2013, the company was declared to be engaged in unconscionable conduct in context of those three customers. The court ordered the company to pay penalty for this misconduct worth $370,000. The amount comprises of fines imposed regarding breach of all the various Acts and laws. The court declared that customers should be entertained via ethical code of conduct, honesty and a fair business should be conducted without deceiving them. It also restricted the company to engage in such activities in future. It asked Lux Distributors Pty. Ltd. to introduce a training and education program for its employees so that they can understand the necessity of compliance to ethics (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2015). Comments The facts found in this media release, in addition to its results and implications on the company found to be indulged in unconscionable conduct are likely to coincide with the findings given in chapter 3 and chapter 10 of textbook. Hence, the above given facts and results support the sections of textbook. Role of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), is responsible for checking fair trade practices and conscionable conduct of business operations in the market. It also keeps a check on competition prevailing in the market and make sure that healthy competition prevails among market players so that consumers, business enterprises and the entire community at large can be benefitted. They also hold accountability to impose regulations on services related to national infrastructure. The most critical responsibility of ACCC is to make sure that business enterprise, their employees and even other associates must strictly comply with all the laws given by Australian legislation regarding competitive strategies, fair trading practices and consumer protection regulations. The ethical norms regarding such conduct are listed in the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. ACCC is a statutory organization of Australia which also assumes the role of regulator in following areas. First of all, it checks that business firms comply with all the norms of Part IV, IVA, V, VA of the Trade Practices Act and the Prices Surveillance Act. It also has some complementary roles in compliance of various other legislations like Broadcasting Services Act, 1992; Australian Postal Corporation Act, 1989; Telecommunications Act, 1991. The Commission mainly oversees the issues related to fair trade practices, competitive strategies detrimental to customers or market, price fixing, market sharing, boycotts, misuse of market power, exclusive dealings, resale price maintenance, refusal to supply, authorisation, unconscionable conduct, anti- competitive mergers, consumer protection and enforcement of penalties (Spier, 2005). Hence, it can be concluded that ACCC carries a regulatory role and is quite significant for the Australian economy. Its role is critical in industries like telecommunications and energy and keeps a check on their competition policies. The Commission promotes competition and regulations hand in hand(Spier, 2005). Article review: Mobile Phones- misleading and deceptive conduct Summary of the facts This media release is about an Australian company named Moore Talk communications Pty. Ltd. which is in the business of telecommunications and mobile phones from the city of Brisbane. The company is listed in Australian Stock exchange with the name of MT Marketing. It conducted a national campaigning program outside Brisbane for telemarketing during the period between February 1999 and October 1999. This marketing campaign had an underlying survey for which potential customers of the companys products were contacted via telephone. They were asked to take part in a survey. To attract a handsome amount of gathering, they offered free digital mobile phones to the lucky customers who will be selected at the end of the survey. While talking with the customers at phone, they were asked to give their consent immediately to attend the campaigning and survey process. If any customer shows interest, he/ she will have a call from another salesman of MT Marketing Campaign. The customer will be t old that he/ she is the lucky client of the company to receive a mobile phone free of cost as a gift from the companys premises. The details will be given to them via fax and a plan for how to access their gift from nearby stores. But the twist was that the customer will receive the receipt of mobile phone only if he agrees to sign up with an access plan of the company. If customer gives his consent to sign up for the plan, a document will be sent to him/ her via fax to be signed. But the company officials did not provide any terms and conditions regarding the plan before signing. This was suspected by Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. They intuited that the company is involved in misleading and deceptive activities against customers and may adversely impact 2000 of them. Results of the prosecution This misleading and deceptive plan of the company compelled Federal Court to order it to receive consent orders from the court before further continuing the plan. Consequently, the Federal Court ordered the company to stop their conduct of misleading customers to an immediate effect. It also added that if MT Marketing wants to continue their campaign they must issue a proper draft to its clients clearly stating all the terms and conditions of the access plan before asking the customers to sign the contract. Section 87B of the Act also enforced certain requirements for the company. It asked the company to have an internal review of all of its activities and processes. It also enforced ethical trade practice compliance for the company. These regulations and investigation against the company show that rules are very stringent in context of telemarketers that all the information, terms and conditions regarding contract should be communicated to client upfront (Enright, 2001). Comments Considering the above stated summary of the facts and the results regarding misconduct and deceptive activities of companies, it appears to support the explanation given in chapter 10 of the textbook. Case study of an Australian company- Computershare Limited The underlying company of this case study is from information technology industry named as Computershare Limited which is a public company in Australia. It operates in various countries offering services in the areas of corporate trust (it acts as a fiduciary entity for its corporate clients and works in their best interest), transferring stocks of customers to other clients and preparing employees stock option plans for other companies. Currently, the company is having its operations in 20 countries which include Australia, UK, US, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Denmark, Germany, etc. Potential legal disputes of the company Frauds and dishonest conduct: The Company under study acts as a fiduciary body, which means acting in best interest of the client. If it involves in frauds and provide false information to its clients, it will be very harmful for them. Hence, it will be declared as unconscionable conduct. Gift giving scams: In a marketing program, offering gifts to customers and deceiving them to enter into contracts without communicating the terms of the contract. Bribery: Offering some advantages to clients to give them business or to government officials asking for certain permissions and grants. Courts and tribunals that can hear appeal and have jurisdictions on such matters For unconscionable conduct, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), is held responsible and is required to present such cases in front of the law. Other tribunals will include the Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit court (Brennan, 2006). References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2015. Full Federal Court declares Lux conduct unconscionable. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/full-federal-court-declares-lux-conduct-unconscionable [Accessed 7 September 2016]. Brennan, S., 2006. Court and Tribunal Decisions Australia. Enright, M.L., 2001. Mobile phones: Misleading and deceptive conduct. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/mobile-phones-misleading-and-deceptive-conduct [Accessed 7 September 2016]. Spier, H., 2005. The Role of the ACCC. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/The%20Role%20of%20the%20ACCC.pdf [Accessed 7 August 2016].